Bimodal phase transition in a periodically modulated $\Lambda$-type three-level system

Abstract

We present a theoretical investigation of dynamical quantum phase transitions (QPTs) in a periodically driven $\Lambda$-type three-level system (3LS) embedded in a double-mode cavity, described by a three-level Jaynes-Cumming (3L-JC) Hamiltonian. To begin with, we probe the undriven static Hamiltonian in the dressed-state basis to identify and define distinct coupling regimes and critical points associated with both cavity modes. Furthermore, to investigate the dynamical QPTs in this system, we incorporate a periodic modulation across two atomic states (denoted by $|3\rangle_{at}$ and $|2\rangle_{at}$) out of the three available energy levels. By performing necessary transformations and approximations, we reduce the overall Hamiltonian, which contains static and dynamic modulation terms, into an effective 3L-JC Hamiltonian whose system parameters are dependent on the driving parameters. The validity of our approximations is verified using the Loschmidt echo of time-evolved states corresponding to Hamiltonians before and after the approximations. Finally, we demonstrate that by tuning the modulation parameters, it is possible to explore bimodal superradiant phases in a three-level $\Lambda$-type system while remaining within the critical coupling limits of the static Hamiltonian. Our results provide an insight into the manipulation of quantum phases in a three-level system within an effective extended Jaynes-Cummings regime.