Phonon Dynamics in Spherically-Curved Analog-Gravity Bose-Einstein Condensates

Abstract

We study the low energy phonon dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with a density profile that is equivalent, via a coordinate transformation, to phonons traveling in a \lq\lq spherical\rq\rq\ curved spacetime that realizes the Friedman-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric. The metric of this BEC is characterized by its curvature $\kappa$ and a time-depdendent scale factor $a(t)$, with an increase in the latter corresponding to an expansion of the analog FLRW universe. We study the propagation of classical phonons in such BECs, finding that a sudden change in the scale factor induces ripples in the wave motion. In addition, we study quantum phonon creation (or vacuum amplification) due to the scale-factor modification and quantify their entanglement.