Parameterized Evolution of the Kretschmann Scalar in Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Cosmology with Torsion Contributions and Big Rip Model

Abstract

We investigate the Kretschmann scalar within the framework of Parameterized Absolute Parallelism (PAP) geometry, extending the classical understanding of spacetime curvature in General Relativity by incorporating torsion. This extension introduces a dimensionless parameter b, allowing a continuous interpolation between Riemannian geometry (b = 0) and Weitzenbock geometry (b = 1). Using the pseudo-Riemannian metric associated with Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmology, we derive an explicit expression for the modified Kretschmann scalar, which captures contributions from standard curvature, curvature-torsion interactions, and pure torsion. Our analysis reveals that the modified scalar reduces to the classical value under specific conditions (b = 0 or b = +/- sqrt(2)), while deviations occur for other b values. This work highlights the potential role of torsion in early-universe dynamics and provides a framework for exploring deviations from standard General Relativity in cosmological models, such as the Big Bang-Big Rip model (BRM). Keywords: Gravity; Torsion; Kretschmann scalar; BRM. PACS Nos: 04.20.-q; 11.10.-z; 98.80.Es; 98.80.-k