Voltage Synchronization and Proportional Current Sharing of Grid-Forming Inverters

Abstract

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global measurements and complete grid-model knowledge--are challenging to realize in practice and unsuitable for large-scale operation. Moreover, proportional current sharing is rarely embedded into them. The whole system is a high-order, nonlinear differential system, making analysis intractable without principled simplifications. Hence, contraction stability analysis in GFMI is proposed to guarantee the large-signal stability. Furthermore, a contraction-based controller is proposed to synchronize GFMI. Additionally, this paper proposes integrating an auxiliary virtual-impedance layer into the contraction-based controller to achieve proportional current sharing, while the GFMI retains global stability and voltage synchronization. A dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also known as the Andronov--Hopf oscillator (AHO) is used to validate the proposed contraction stability analysis and contraction-based controller with virtual-impedance. It is proved that the complex multi-converter system can achieve output-feedback contraction under large-signal operation. Therefore, without requiring system-wide data, the proposed method offers voltage synchronization, decentralized stability conditions for the transient stability of AHO and proportional current sharing, beyond prior small-signal, quasi-steady analysis.