Blockchain-Based Secure Online Voting Platform Ensuring Voter Anonymity, Integrity, and End-to-End Verifiability

Abstract

Casting a ballot from a phone or laptop sounds appealing, but only if voters can be confident their choice remains secret and results cannot be altered in the dark. This paper proposes a hybrid blockchain-based voting model that stores encrypted votes on a private blockchain maintained by election organizers and neutral observers, while periodically anchoring hashes of these votes onto a public blockchain as a tamper-evident seal. The system issues voters one-time blind-signed tokens to protect anonymity, and provides receipts so they can confirm their vote was counted. We implemented a live prototype using common web technologies (Next.js, React, Firebase) to demonstrate end-to-end functionality, accessibility, and cost efficiency. Our contributions include developing a working demo, a complete election workflow, a hybrid blockchain design, and a user-friendly interface that balances privacy, security, transparency, and practicality. This research highlights the feasibility of secure, verifiable, and scalable online voting for organizations ranging from small groups to larger institutions.