Probing Strange Dark Matter through $f$-mode Oscillations of Neutron Stars with Hyperons and Quark Matter

Abstract

We investigate the impact of a hypothetical bosonic dark matter (DM) candidate, the sexaquark, on the fundamental ($f$-mode) oscillations of neutron stars (NSs). By varying the DM particle mass and considering different core compositions including hypernuclear matter, sexaquark DM, and deconfined quark matter (QM), we construct hybrid equations of state (EOS) with a smooth hadron--quark crossover that remain consistent with current astrophysical constraints on mass, radius, and tidal deformability. Our analysis shows that the presence of these exotic components systematically alters quasi-universal $f$-mode relations. In particular, relations involving $f$--$\sqrt{M/R^{3}}$, $(R^{4}/M^{3}\tau)(C)$, $\omega M(C)$, require higher-order polynomial fits compared to standard studies. Quadratic forms remain sufficient for $f$--$\sqrt{M/R^{3}}$ and $\omega M(C)$, while damping-time relations such as $(R^{4}/M^{3}\tau)(C)$ demand higher-order corrections to capture their curvature. For $f(\Lambda)$, a cubic fit provides a satisfactory description. Within this extended framework the relations remain tight and effectively composition independent. These results suggest that precise $f$-mode measurements with future gravitational-wave detectors could provide clear signatures of DM and other exotic matter in NS interiors.