Beating the standard quantum limit with single-photon-added coherent states

Abstract

The standard quantum limit (SQL), also known as the shot-noise limit, defines how quantum fluctuations of light constrain measurement precision. In a benchmark experiment using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), where a coherent state with the average photon number $\langle n\rangle$ is combined with an ordinary vacuum input, the SQL for the phase uncertainty is given by the well-known relation $\Delta\varphi_{\text{SQL}} = 1/\langle n\rangle$. Using a single photon-added coherent state and a weak coherent state as inputs, we report an enhanced phase sensitivity in MZI surpassing the SQL. In stark contrast to other approaches, we focus on the low-photon-number regime, $\langle n\rangle < 10$, and demonstrate that our scheme offers better phase sensitivity compared to the SQL. Beating the SQL at low photon numbers paves the way for the new generation of devices employed in \textquotedblleft photon-starved\textquotedblright quantum sensing, spectroscopy, and metrology.