Alleviating the $H_0$ tension through the interacting dark energy model from quantum gravitational field theory in light of DESI DR2

Abstract

Recent DESI DR2 data has shown a significant preference for dynamical dark energy, yet this has further exacerbated the $H_0$ tension. In this work, we explore the potential of interacting dark energy models ($\widetildeΛ$CDM and $e\widetildeΛ$CDM) within the asymptotic-safety framework of quantum gravitational field theory to alleviate the $H_0$ tension. We perform observational constraints using the latest baryon acoustic oscillation data from DESI DR2, cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck and ACT, and type Ia supernova data from DESY5 and PantheonPlus, as well as the SH0ES data. From our analysis, we observe the dynamical scale parameter of the cosmological constant, $δ_Λ = -0.270\pm 0.100$, in the $e\widetildeΛ$CDM model using the CMB+DESI+SH0ES data, which deviates from $Λ$CDM at the $2.7σ$ level. Simultaneously, we find $H_0 = 70.84\pm 0.74~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, reducing the $H_0$ tension to $1.7σ$. This increase in the inferred $H_0$ is due to the anti-correlation between $δ_Λ$ and $H_0$, whereby a negative $δ_Λ$ leads to a higher $H_0$ value. Furthermore, for the CMB+DESI+SH0ES combination, we obtain $Δχ^2_{\min}=-14.14$ and $Δ\mathrm{DIC}=-9.18$, favoring the $e\widetildeΛ$CDM model over $Λ$CDM. Overall, the $e\widetildeΛ$CDM model can improve the fit and ease the $H_0$ tension, especially for the data combinations that provide the strongest statistical support.