Schwarzschild Black Hole Coupled with a Cloud of Strings Immersed in King Dark Matter Halo

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the geodesic and thermodynamic properties of a Schwarzschild black hole with a cloud of strings (known as the Letelier black hole) immersed in a King dark matter (KDM) halo under an isotropic configuration. The dynamics of both photons and massive particles are analyzed in detail using the effective potential formalism, including particle trajectories, the photon sphere, black hole shadow, and the innermost stable circular orbits (ISCOs). Particular emphasis is placed on how the presence of the KDM halo modifies these geometric and dynamical features. Furthermore, we explore the topological characteristics of photon rings by constructing a normalized vector field, following Duan\textquotesingle{}s topological current $\phi$-mapping theory, and demonstrate how this field is influenced by both the string cloud and the KDM halo. In the thermodynamic context, we analyze the impact of the KDM halo and the string cloud on the Hawking temperature, Gibbs free energy, thermal stability, and phase transitions of the black hole. Finally, we examine the thermodynamic topology of the system using a theoretical framework that incorporates a generalized Helmholtz free energy and topological current theory. In both the photon sphere and thermodynamic analyses, we show that the string cloud parameter shifts the location of the zero point of the vector field in the equatorial plane. Specifically, in the photon sphere case, the radius of the photon sphere increases with increasing values of the string cloud parameter, while in the thermodynamic topology, the horizon radius decreases as the string cloud parameter increases.