Cubic Polynomials and Sums of Two Squares

Abstract

We establish a lower bound for the frequency with which an irreducible monic cubic polynomial with negative discriminant can be expressed as a sum of two squares ($\square_{2}$). This provides a quantitative answer to a question posed by Grechuk (2021) concerning the infinitude of such values. Our proof relies on a two-dimensional unit argument and the arithmetic of degree six number fields. For example, we show that if $h \equiv 2 \pmod{4}$, then \begin{align*} \# \{n : n^3+h \in \square_{2}, \ 1 \leq n \leq x \} \gg x^{1/3-o(1)}. \end{align*} These arguments may be generalised to study the representation of irreducible monic cubic polynomials by the quadratic form $x^2+ny^2$, where $n \in \mathbb{N}$.