Matrix Quasi-tree Theorem

Abstract

Building on prior work that established Matrix Quasi-tree Theorems for special embedded graphs, in this paper, we develop a comprehensive theory applicable to all embedded graphs. We introduce symbolic skew-adjacency matrices and reduction maps as key innovations, and prove that a specific polynomial derived from these matrices encodes all spanning quasi-trees of a bouquet. This result provides a complete analogue of the Matrix Tree Theorem for topological graph theory, with applications to quasi-tree enumeration in both orientable and non-orientable embedded graphs.