Linearly Polarized Gravitational Waves from Bubble Collisions

Abstract

Physics beyond the Standard Model may give rise to first-order phase transitions proceeding via the nucleation of vacuum bubbles, whose subsequent collisions generate gravitational waves (GWs). Their detection would open the possibility of investigating the universe in its first instants. If the transition is slow enough, such that it completes with the nucleation and collision of only two bubbles, the resulting GW signal is linearly polarized. This would give a unique signature for the origin of such a GW signal. We show that even though such phase transitions would be slow, they still could lie within the detectability range of GW interferometers such as LISA and the Einstein Telescope and the underlying two-bubble origin would be encoded in higher-order polarization statistics.