Perplex Analysis and Geometry of Singularities

Abstract

We develop a real-analytic framework, called perplex analysis, in which the complex, split-complex, and dual numbers arise as members of a single four-parameter family of two-dimensional commutative real algebras. Within this unified setting we define differentiability through a generalized Cauchy-Riemann structure, extending several features of complex geometry to a broader real-analytic context. Two main results illustrate the analytic and geometric scope of the theory: a Lojasiewicz gradient inequality for perplex-analytic functions, providing quantitative control of critical behavior; and a Milnor-Le type fibration theorem for nondegenerate algebras, describing the local topology of singularities. The framework reveals a continuous transition between complex and hyperbolic geometries, with the dual boundary exhibiting new infinitesimal phenomena linked to zero divisors. These results connect generalized complex geometry, hypercomplex analysis, and singularity theory within a single analytic formalism.