Graphings with few circulations

Abstract

In 2021, motivated by graph limit theory Lov\'asz extended most of the theory of flows to a measure theoretic setting. Using this framework, the first author constructed $d$-regular treeings that are measurably bipartite, and have no nonzero measurable circulations, that is, flows without sources or sinks. In particular, these treeings do not admit a measurable perfect matching. In this paper, we develop tools to build $d$-regular treeings where the space of circulations is exactly $k$-dimensional for any positive integer $k$. As applications, we construct 1) a treeing with a single balanced orientation, but no Schreier decoration; 2) a treeing with a single Schreier decoration; 3) and a treeing with a proper edge $d$-coloring, but no further perfect matchings. The first answers a question raised by Lov\'asz, as this particular balanced orientation does not decompose as a linear combination of finite cycles and infinite paths.