Linear and nonlinear stability of rate-and-state faults

Abstract

Models of faults incorporating slip rate- and state-dependent friction have reproduced phenomena from spontaneous slow, aseismic slip to earthquake-generating dynamic rupture. Numerical explorations of model parameter space regularly show sudden transitions in behavior. However these boundaries are poorly constrained analytically, with commonly used scalings derived assuming unrepresentative conditions of uniform sliding on an infinite, homogeneous fault. In this work, we demonstrate that an analysis of linear stability can reflect model conditions. We examine two scenarios that move beyond the classical case: an asperity driven by the steady creep of its surroundings, and a finite fault experiencing a constant rate of shear loading. We identify the critical fault dimension $L_c$ at which point linear stability is lost. Beyond this linear regime, the non-linear nature of the friction law implies the loss of memory of loading conditions as instability progresses and the existence of universal solutions describing this process. We refine prior analyses of this non-linear instability and find the minimum fault size that can support self-sustaining, unstable acceleration towards dynamic rupture. We examine the role of the state evolution law and delineate conditions under which faults may be linearly stable but non-linearly unstable, requiring finitely large perturbations to trigger instability. On the basis of numerical solutions, approximate but accurate algebraic expressions for the transition boundaries are presented. These results provide means for careful model design and to delimit plausible regions of parameter space when considering physical observations of stable creep, aseismic (slow slip) or seismic transients.