Bilinear tau forms of quantum Painlev\'e equations and $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations in SUSY gauge theories

Abstract

We derive bilinear tau forms of the canonically quantized Painlev\'e equations, thereby relating them to those previously obtained from the $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations for the $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theory partition functions on a general $\Omega$-background. We fully fix the refined Painlev\'e/gauge theory dictionary by formulating the proper equations for the quantum nonautonomous Painlev\'e Hamiltonians. We also describe the symmetry structure of the quantum Painlev\'e tau functions and, as a byproduct of this analysis, obtain the $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations in the nontrivial holonomy sector of the gauge theory.