Additivity of disjoint interval entanglement in quasiparticle excited states

Abstract

We investigate mixed-state entanglement measures, namely reflected entropy, mutual information and logarithmic negativity, for two disjoint intervals in one-dimensional systems excited by a finite number of quasiparticles. While whole system is in a pure state, the two disjoint intervals are in a generically mixed state. To address the problem that natural subsystem bases are generically non-orthonormal in such excited states, we use a general and efficient algorithm that computes these measures directly from the density matrix expressed in an arbitrary non-orthonormal basis. Applying this method to classical, bosonic, and fermionic quasiparticle excitations on a circle, we discover a universal additivity property: in the limit of large momentum differences, the mixed-state entanglement of a multi-quasiparticle state decomposes exactly into the sum of independent contributions. This additivity unifies the entanglement behavior across classical and quantum statistics, with the classical result emerging naturally as a special case. Our findings establish a robust computational framework for mixed-state entanglement in excited many-body systems and reveal a generic decoupling mechanism that governs entanglement distribution beyond the ground state.