Thermal and Microstructural Simulations of Photonic Sintering of Oxide Ceramics: A Two-Scale Scheme

Abstract

Photonic sintering (PS) offers an ultra-fast, contact-free alternative to conventional sintering and has demonstrated its potential for enhancing the sinterability of acceptor-doped barium zirconate (BZY) ceramics. However, a central challenge in the PS process lies in achieving precise control over thermal self-stabilization in the presence of complex microstructural effects arising from photonic-ray--induced thermal profiles. To elucidate the interplay among thermal fields, microstructural evolution, and PS process parameters, this study establishes a two-scale, non-isothermal simulation framework. The framework integrates macroscopic heat-transfer simulations, incorporating effective heat conduction and photonic-ray--induced volumetric heating in the porous media, with microscopic non-isothermal phase-field sintering simulations that resolve microstructure evolution under local thermal profile. Scale bridging is achieved through a temperature field transferring and mapping that satisfies Hill-Mandel condition between the macroscopic and microscopic simulations, while maintaining synchronization between their asynchronous time-stepping schemes. After calibrating model parameters against experimental measurements, the framework successfully reproduces the experimentally observed porosity inhomogeneity along the sample depth. The influence of enhanced localized mass transport is further examined through a parametric investigation of surface and grain boundary diffusivities. Overall, the proposed framework demonstrates its feasibility and physical interpretability in establishing process-microstructure relationships for the scalable fabrication of high-performance protonic ceramics.