Aura Topological Spaces and Generalized Open Sets with Applications to Rough Sets, Sensor Networks, and Epidemic Modelling

Abstract

We equip a topological space $(X,\tau)$ with a function $\mathfrak{a}: X \to \tau$ satisfying the single axiom $x \in \mathfrak{a}(x)$. The resulting triple $(X, \tau, \mathfrak{a})$, which we call an aura topological space, provides a point-to-open-set assignment that differs from all existing auxiliary structures in topology. The aura-closure operator $\text{cl}_{\mathfrak{a}}(A) = \{x \in X : \mathfrak{a}(x) \cap A \neq \emptyset\}$ turns out to be an additive Cech closure operator; it satisfies extensivity, monotonicity, and finite additivity, but idempotency fails in general. Iterating $\text{cl}_{\mathfrak{a}}$ transfinitely yields a Kuratowski closure whose topology $\tau_{\mathfrak{a}}^{\infty}$ satisfies $\tau_{\mathfrak{a}}^{\infty} \subseteq \tau_{\mathfrak{a}} \subseteq \tau$. We introduce five classes of generalized open sets, determine their complete hierarchy, and separate all non-coinciding classes by counterexamples. Continuity notions, decomposition theorems, and separation axioms are studied. Three applications are developed: rough set approximations generalizing Pawlak's model, wireless sensor network coverage analysis, and epidemic spread modelling.