Defect dependent dynamic nanoindentation hardness of copper up to 25 000 s-1

Abstract

Metals exhibit an upturn in strength at strain rates of approximately 1000 s-1 - 3000 s-1, governed by rapid dislocation multiplication, interactions and storage. This phenomenon is strongly influenced by the initial dislocation density before testing. However, the role of immobile dislocations arranged in low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) on deformation under such extreme conditions remains unexplored, despite their ubiquity in engineering materials. Here, we employ high strain rate nanoindentation targeted at an LAGB with tilt and twist components in copper crystals with different dislocation densities. We demonstrate that Taylor hardening remains valid over a wide range of strain rates. It was found that the influence of LAGBs on mechanical properties is within the scatter of the measurements. However, slip traces of indents close to the LAGB suggest that the LAGB acts as a barrier to dislocations. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirm these findings. The measured activation volume and low strain rate re-indentation onto indents performed at different higher strain rates give insights into the deformation mechanism. This work provides new insight into the interplay between microstructure and high strain rate deformation.