Impact of refractive index heterogeneity on stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopy: a quantitative analysis

Abstract

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) microscopy enables label-free biomechanical imaging, with Brillouin gain serving as a critical contrast parameter for quantitative analysis. However, the influence of sample-induced refractive index (RI) heterogeneity on gain measurements remains poorly understood. Here, we quantitatively investigate, how RI mismatch affects SBS microscopy using finite element simulations and experiments on a phantom sample comprising polydimethylsiloxane beads embedded in agarose gel. We demonstrate that RI heterogeneity induces focal field distortion that reduce pump-probe beam overlap, resulting in attenuated Brillouin gain and degraded shift precision at material interfaces. Crucially, we establish that fiber-coupling efficiency, commonly used for system alignment, cannot serve as a linear proxy for Brillouin gain due to its heightened sensitivity to focal field distortion.