Do Language Models Know Theo Has a Wife? Investigating the Proviso Problem

Abstract

We investigate how language models handle the proviso problem, an unresolved issue in pragmatics where presuppositions in conditional sentences diverge between theoretical and human interpretations. We reformulate this phenomenon as a Natural Language Inference task and introduce a diagnostic dataset designed to probe presupposition projection in conditionals. We evaluate RoBERTa, DeBERTa, LLaMA, and Gemma using explainability analyses. The results show that models broadly align with human judgments but rely on shallow pattern matching rather than semantic or pragmatic reasoning. Our work provides the first computational evaluation framework for the proviso problem and highlights the need for diagnostic, multi-method approaches to assess pragmatic competence and context-dependent meaning in language models.