Real-time detection of critical slowing-down at the superconducting phase transition

Abstract

We employ optical pump-THz probe spectroscopy to chart the ultrafast superconductivity suppression in NbN over a broad range of excitation fluences. Our measurements uncover a pronounced lengthening of the superconductivity quenching time when the absorbed optical energy is close to the condensation energy of the superconductor, which constitutes a non-equilibrium analog of critical slowing-down on a timescale comparable to that of superconducting fluctuations. Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau simulations reproduce this behavior and ascribe it to the flattening of the free energy landscape at the dynamical phase transition boundary. Our findings represent a direct observation in real time of slowed-down superconductivity dynamics in proximity to a critical point and open a pathway for investigating out-of-equilibrium critical phenomena with time-resolved THz spectroscopy.