GRMLR: Knowledge-Enhanced Small-Data Learning for Deep-Sea Cold Seep Stage Inference

Abstract

Deep-sea cold seep stage assessment has traditionally relied on costly, high-risk manned submersible operations and visual surveys of macrofauna. Although microbial communities provide a promising and more cost-effective alternative, reliable inference remains challenging because the available deep-sea dataset is extremely small ($n = 13$) relative to the microbial feature dimension ($p = 26$), making purely data-driven models highly prone to overfitting. To address this, we propose a knowledge-enhanced classification framework that incorporates an ecological knowledge graph as a structural prior. By fusing macro-microbe coupling and microbial co-occurrence patterns, the framework internalizes established ecological logic into a \underline{\textbf{G}}raph-\underline{\textbf{R}}egularized \underline{\textbf{M}}ultinomial \underline{\textbf{L}}ogistic \underline{\textbf{R}}egression (GRMLR) model, effectively constraining the feature space through a manifold penalty to ensure biologically consistent classification. Importantly, the framework removes the need for macrofauna observations at inference time: macro-microbe associations are used only to guide training, whereas prediction relies solely on microbial abundance profiles. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms standard baselines, highlighting its potential as a robust and scalable framework for deep-sea ecological assessment.