Degree Variance and the Fuzzy Sigma Index in Fuzzy Graphs

Abstract

The sigma index of a graph, defined as the population variance of its degree sequence, is a fundamental measure of structural irregularity. In this paper, we introduce and systematically investigate its natural extension to fuzzy graphs, termed the fuzzy sigma index $$ \sigma^*(\Gamma) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{v \in V(\Gamma)} \left( d_\Gamma(v) - \frac{2\,\mathrm{ew}}{n}\right)^2, $$ where $d_\Gamma(v)$ denotes the fuzzy degree of a vertex $v$, and $\mathrm{ew}$ represents the fuzzy size of the fuzzy graph $\Gamma=(V,\nu, \mu)$. We establish several fundamental properties of this topological index. In particular, we derive sharp lower and upper bounds. Analyze the behavior of $\sigma^*(\Gamma)$ under standard fuzzy graph operations. This work provides a foundation for further study of variance-based topological indices in fuzzy graph theory.