Universal Loop Statistics from Active Extrusion with Kinetic Barriers

Abstract

We develop a kinetic theory of cohesin-driven loop extrusion on a disordered chromatin track with transient barriers. In the stationary state, the mean loop size is shown to obey a universal law determined by the bare processivity and a renormalized obstacle density. Beyond the mean, one-sided extrusion always yields a single-exponential loop-length distribution, whereas two-sided extrusion produces a finite sum of exponential modes and, generically, a peaked distribution. Experimental CTCF-anchored loop statistics exhibit such a peak, thereby providing a direct discriminator of extrusion symmetry. The theory therefore establishes a unified framework for disorder-limited loop extrusion and supports a scenario in which both cohesin arms actively operate in living cells.