How Do People Accept Robot in Public Space? A Cross-Cultural Study in Germany and Japan

Abstract

With the increasing deployment of robots in public spaces, encounters between robots and incidentally copresent persons (InCoPs) are becoming more frequent. However, InCoPs remain largely underexplored in the literature, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective. Therefore, the present study investigates differences in InCoPs' existence acceptance (EA) of autonomous cleaning robots in public spaces among Japanese and German participants. Online survey results revealed that Germans showed significantly higher EA. Social Norms and Trust were the strongest positive EA predictors across cultures. More specifically, for Germans, EA was directly influenced by Usefulness, Interest and Anger, showing a functional-affective pattern where functional perceptions boost EA and anger suppresses it. For Japanese participants, Trust, Surprise and Fear were the direct associational factors, forming a trust-emotion pattern. These findings suggest that the cognitive and emotional drivers of public robot acceptance may vary across countries, emphasizing the need for adaptive robot design.