Nonreciprocal Thermophotonic Cooling

Abstract

Solid-state cooling via electroluminescent emission from light-emitting diodes is a promising alternative to thermoelectric and vapor-compression refrigeration, but practical performance remains limited by nonradiative losses and unfavorable tradeoffs between efficiency and cooling power. Thermophotonic (TPX) architectures partially address this by recycling PV-generated power back to the LED, improving the coefficient of performance (COP) but introducing a parasitic backward photon flux from the PV that reduces the cooling power density. Here we show that this tradeoff can be circumvented by inserting a nonreciprocal semi-transparent intermediate layer that violates Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. The layer permits unity transmission from the LED to the PV while fully absorbing the backward PV flux, functioning as a radiative heat shield that re-emits toward the LED at a lower intermediate temperature. In the idealized limit for $\Delta$ T = 50 K between the hot and cold side, the nonreciprocal filter improves the cooling power density by nearly an order of magnitude over the unfiltered TPX case while preserving the COP benefit, while a reciprocal filter provides no improvement. Incorporating Shockley-Read-Hall and Auger recombination into GaAs and InP-based LED device models, we find enhancements of approximately 50% in both cooling power density and COP persisting across temperature differences from $\Delta$ T = 50 K to 100 K. These results highlight the potential importance of electromagnetic nonreciprocity in improving the real-world performance of thermophotonic cooling devices.