Effect of reaction temperature on nascent carbonaceous particles from toluene shock-tube pyrolysis: Insights from FTIR and Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

The transition from gaseous precursors to nascent solid particles and their subsequent structural maturation were investigated in single-pulse shock-tube experiments using ex situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy of sampled products. A mixture of 2% toluene in argon was pyrolyzed at around 2.0 bar with temperature plateau times of 2.0 ms over the 1450-1800 K reaction temperature range. In situ laser extinction measurements indicate the onset of particle formation at 1570 K. At this temperature, Raman spectra exhibit emerging D and G bands, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the disappearance of poorly defined structures, identifying 1570 K as the phase-transition reaction temperature. Approaching this reaction temperature, Raman spectra show a rapid disappearance of sp hybridized triple carbon bonds. At 1670 K reaction temperature, a maximum in primary particle diameter and a decrease in structural disorder inferred from Raman spectroscopy are observed, defining the ordering threshold. Deconvolution of the FTIR spectra enables separation of in ring double carbon bond stretching vibrations from isolated and ring-conjugated side-chain double carbon bond modes. The in-ring double carbon band is used to normalize aliphatic and aromatic C-H vibrations. FTIR analysis reveals ring-edge structures associated with electron-localization sites, including bay regions, five-membered ring defects, and benzylic positions, indicating a radical-rich environment below the phase-transition temperature. Between the phase-transition and ordering-threshold temperatures, K-regions and armchair structures associated with electron delocalization and thermal stability increase. The emergence of these electronic and structural characteristics highlights the critical role of radicals in soot inception and early structural ordering.