The finite-shot help-harm boundary of zero-noise extrapolation

Abstract

Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) reduces noise-induced bias but can increase sampling variance through Richardson coefficients and shot splitting. We define a finite-shot help-harm boundary: the lower local mean-squared-error crossing where fixed Richardson ZNE changes from harmful to helpful. A local expansion shows that this boundary is governed by the first squared-bias improvement and first excess-variance penalty, producing either a shrinking power law, a budget threshold, or no shrinking lower boundary. Qiskit Aer simulations and variance-exponent fits support the predicted separation between deterministic stabilizer measurements and variational energy measurements, while readout-regime diagnostics and IBM Quantum checks delineate measurement-protocol and hardware-traceability limits.