Half-space problem on the Boltzmann equation with zero Mach number at infinity

Abstract

We study the long-time dynamics of the time-evolutionary Boltzmann equation with hard sphere collisions in the three-dimensional half-space \( \mathbb{R}^2 \times \mathbb{R}^+\), subject to diffuse reflection boundary conditions and small perturbations around a global Maxwellian equilibrium. The far-field velocity is assumed to be at rest; namely, we take the zero Mach number at infinity. In the first goal, we construct global-in-time low-regularity solutions near Maxwellians. We leverage time-decay properties along the two-dimensional tangential direction to establish polynomial decay rates of solutions matching the 2D heat equation. In the second goal, we further prove the propagation of Gevrey regularity: analyticity (Gevrey index 1) in the tangential spatial variable \(x_\parallel\), and Gevrey class with index 2 in the tangential velocity variable \(v_\parallel\), under suitably regular initial data. The proofs combine an \(L^1_k \cap L^p_k\) Fourier-space approach for decay estimates, macro-micro decomposition with \(L^2 - L^\infty\) frameworks adapted to unbounded domains, and weighted Gevrey norms to control regularity propagation, overcoming challenges from boundary effects and nonlinear interactions.