Exact Entanglement-Depth Speed Frontier for Complete Quantum Charging

Abstract

Complete quantum charging provides a sharp setting in which to ask how much multipartite entanglement is forced by speed itself. For a closed \(N\)-qubit battery evolving from \(\ket{\downarrow}^{\otimes N}\) to \(\ket{\uparrow}^{\otimes N}\) under a time-independent Hamiltonian, we exactly solve the pure-state depth-constrained speed problem. If the realized trajectory has entanglement depth at most \(k\), then the largest possible QSL-normalized rate \(η=τ_{\rm QSL}/T\) is \(η_{\max}(k)=\lceil N/k\rceil^{-1/2}\). Conversely, an observed rate \(η\) certifies trajectory entanglement depth at least \(\bigl\lceil N/\lfloor η^{-2}\rfloor\bigr\rceil\). The mechanism is block orthogonalization: under a fixed product partition, complete charging forces all blocks to orthogonalize simultaneously, and the quantum speed limit converts this counting constraint into the speed bound. Balanced cluster-flip evolutions saturate the bound, establishing an exact integer staircase frontier. Thus fast complete charging cannot be explained by many small independently charging blocks; in particular, crossing the threshold \(η>1/\sqrt2\) certifies, for \(N>1\), the generation of genuine \(N\)-partite entanglement.