Unified Topological Dynamics of Merging Bound States in the Continuum for High-Order Topological Charges

Abstract

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are polarization singularities in momentum space whose topological charges (TCs) govern advanced light-matter interactions. While lattice symmetry protects the existence of robust BICs at the $Γ$-point (SP-BICs), it also restricts their TCs to low-order values. Achieving high-order TCs in common crystal lattices, such as $C_4$-symmetric systems, has therefore remained an open question. Here, we systematically demonstrate that high-order TCs that surpass fundamental symmetry bounds can be created through the rich dynamics of a parameter-driven merging process of off-$Γ$ BICs. We introduce a unified geometric framework based on the interplay between Fabry-Pérot interference and guided resonances, which uncovers different types of merging BICs dynamics, including near-isotropic, anisotropic, and cross-merging. Leveraging this mechanism, we realize unconventional TCs of up to $\pm3$ at either a symmetry-protected BIC or a degeneracy point in a simple $C_4$-symmetric photonic crystal slab. We further show that this high-order topology enables the generation of high-quality Bessel OAM beams, providing a physically transparent route toward engineering high-order topological photonics.