Optimal embedding dimension in the Nash--Tognoli theorem

Abstract

We prove that every smooth compact submanifold of $\R^n$ can be approximated up to a small isotopy by the real locus of a nonsingular complex algebraic subset of $\C^n$ defined over $\R$. This settles a version of a conjecture posed in 1952 by Nash. Moreover, we show that if the codimension of the manifold being approximated is at least two, then the approximating real algebraic sets can be chosen to all have the same predetermined biregular isomorphism type.