Towards Scalable Quaternary Message-Passing Decoding for Quantum Error Correction

Abstract

The scalability and interpretability of message-passing (MP) decoding, such as (quaternary) Belief Propagation, remain open challenges in quantum error correction. Even for surface codes, arguably the first testbed for decoding methods, studies of improved MP decoders have mostly been restricted to small distances ($d \lesssim 19$). Moreover, the mismatch with established message-passing theory limits the decoder's interpretability, making it unclear whether MP decoding can sustain its effectiveness at large system sizes. This work takes a step toward a more principled and interpretable MP decoding framework, with the goal of making MP-based decoding more reliable and bridging theory and practice. We introduce a dilution method, which allows a quaternary Min-Sum (MS) decoder to exhibit an apparent depolarizing threshold of $16\%$ up to distance $20$, outperforming Minimum-Weight Perfect Matching in finite-length regimes. Notably, for $X$-noise, the standard MS decoder under dilution has worst-case complexity $O(N \log^2 d)$ and outperforms BP-OSD at $d=65$. The observed $\sim 9\%$ threshold may correspond to a true asymptotic threshold. Finally, we give a graph-dilution argument that interprets the success of the dilution method and offers insight into when MP algorithms can genuinely scale. Taken together, these results provide encouraging progress toward scalable and interpretable MP decoding in quantum error correction.