New inverse problems for a time-switched system of wave and diffusion equations

Abstract

We study two new classes of inverse problems for a time-switched system in which a fractional wave equation (with Caputo derivative of order $α\in (1,2)$) governs the dynamics on the interval $[0,a)$, and a fractional diffusion equation (with Caputo derivative of order $β\in (0,1)$ taken with respect to the switching point $t=a$) governs the dynamics on $(a,b]$. The two problems differ in which part of the transmitting condition at the interface $t=a$ is regarded as unknown. In both cases the overdetermination data consist of a single spatial measurement of the solution at a fixed time $ξ\in (a,b)$. Using the spectral expansion method with respect to the classical Sturm-Liouville eigensystem on $[0,1]$, we reduce each problem to a sequence of coupled scalar Cauchy problems involving the two-parameter Mittag-Leffler function. Explicit series representations for the solution $u(t,x)$ and the unknown interface functions $h(x)$ and $\bar{h}(x)$ are derived. Uniform convergence of the resulting infinite series and their relevant derivatives is established through four auxiliary lemmas, using the decay estimates for the Mittag-Leffler function, integration-by-parts arguments, the Cauchy--Schwarz inequality, and the Weierstrass $M$-test. A uniqueness and existence theorem is stated for Problem~1 under explicit Sobolev-type regularity conditions on the data, with an analogous result for Problem~2.