Soliton resolution conjecture for the Benjamin-Ono equation: Explicit $L^\infty$ asymptotic error formula

Abstract

We prove the soliton resolution conjecture for the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation with an explicit error bound in the $L^\infty$-norm. For the finite-order multisoliton case, the explicit $L^\infty$-norm errors are bounded by $\mathcal{O}(|t|^{-\frac{1}{4}(1-\frac{1}{2s})})$ with initial data $u_0 \in H^{s,α}(\mathbb{R})$ for any $s>1/2$ and $α\geqslant 1$. For the infinite-order multisoliton case, the explicit $L^\infty$-norm errors are bounded by $\mathcal{O}(|t|^{-1/3})$ when $u_0$ is expressed as an infinite sum of soliton profiles. Recently, Gassot, Gérard, and Miller (arXiv:2601.10488, 2026) proved an implicit error bound in $H^1$-norm of the soliton resolution in the finite-order multisoliton case with $u_0 \in H^{1,1}\left( \mathbb{R} \right)$, requiring extra condition $x^2u_0(x) = c_0 + v_0(x), c_0\in \mathbb{R}, v_0(x) \in L^2(\mathbb{R})$. In the infinite-order multisoliton case, Gassot and Gérard (arXiv:2603.15419, 2026) proved an implicit error bound in $L^\infty$-norm for the soliton resolution when $u_0$ is expressed as an infinite sum of soliton profiles. Notably, they highlighted the inverse spectral problem for the Lax operators as an interesting open problem. In order to address the soliton resolution with the explicit error in $L^\infty$-norm for finite/infinite-order multisoliton, there exist many open problems concerning initial conditions, error accuracy, and other related issues. Solving these open problems is the central objective of our work. In order to enlarge the initial data space and remove the extra conditions, we employ Kato-Rellich theorem to transform the soliton resolution conjecture into an error estimation problem between the sequence and the solution. It is worth noting that we solve the open inverse spectral problem for the Lax operator by constructing a trace-class operator based on the discrete spectrum.