Localization from Pseudoranges: Quadrics and Duality

Abstract

This paper gives a complete description of the solutions of the global positioning problem, emphasizing the under-determined case. We show that the solutions form a quadric, which may degenerate in various ways. Perhaps more surprisingly, the satellite positions also lie on a quadric, and these two quadrics exhibit a remarkable duality: They live on perpendicular affine spaces but share the same axis of symmetry. Moreover, the vertices of one quadric are the foci of the other and vice versa. The results of this paper are not only applicable to the global positioning problem, but to a wider class of problems known as pseudorange-multilateration. This includes a range of real-world localization problems where a signal is emitted at an unknown emission time, and received by sensors at known positions. In particular, the paper can be useful for solving an under-determined multilateration problem in the presence of additional constraints. We illustrate this with two examples: locating a cleaning robot on the ground and locating a raft on the ocean.