Electromagnetic pion mass splitting using a Pauli-Villars-regulated photon propagator

Abstract

We present a lattice QCD calculation of the charged-neutral pion mass splitting $M_{π^+} - M_{π^0}$ at $\mathcal{O}(α_\mathrm{em})$ using a recently proposed framework based on a Pauli-Villars (PV) regulated photon propagator defined in the continuum and infinite-volume limit, with $Λ$ acting as an additional UV cutoff scale. The use of this propagator avoids power-law finite-volume effects, allowing for a straightforward treatment of the infinite-volume limit. We perform the calculation using CLS ensembles, studying finite-volume effects, the continuum limit and the extrapolation to the physical point for several values of the scale $Λ$. By means of the Cottingham formula, we further decompose the result into elastic and inelastic contributions at fixed $Λ$. Our final result, after removing the cutoff scale $Λ$, is $M_{π^+} - M_{π^0} = 4.56(22)$ MeV, in good agreement with the experimental measurement. This calculation serves as a validation of the formalism in a well-controlled setting and offers useful insights into the application of electromagnetic corrections to other observables.