Results of R&D Programmes and LP&CW EXFEL Cryomodule Tests in the Period from 2005 to 2023

Abstract

In 2005 and 2006, we began to consider the feasibility of long-pulse (LP) and continuous-wave (CW) operation for the E-XFEL. The operation modes considered were assumed to be complementary to the short-pulse operation (SP), with ~1 ms RF pulses and a 10 Hz repetition rate, which at that time had already been chosen and presented in the TDR [1] of the E-XFEL facility. This operation mode originated from the previously proposed linear collider TESLA project [2]. We initiated several R&D programmes in 2005 and 2006 to enable operation modes with a duty factor significantly higher than that of the short-pulse mode, which is still approximately 1%. In this report, we briefly present the initiated R&D programmes and their results, with particular emphasis on the results of the E- XFEL cryomodule tests, which led to minor modifications of the design and subsequently to the implementation of these cryomodules in large-scale X-ray FEL facilities.