Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions

Abstract

The stochastic bubble nucleation during cosmological first-order phase transitions leads to variations in the phase transition initiation times across different Hubble volumes, thereby generating non-Gaussian density perturbations in regions with delayed transitions. Based on the accumulation mechanism and the false vacuum island model . This paper investigates the spin angular momentum of primordial black holes formed from nonspherical collapse. By introducing the nucleation history integration method, without assuming a Gaussian distribution, we calculate the expectation values and variances of the semi-axis lengths of overdense ellipsoidal regions, combined with the statistical properties of the velocity shear tensor, we derive the quantitative relationship between the Kerr parameter $a_*$ describing black hole spin and the phase transition parameters , latent heat strength $α$ and phase transition rate $β$. The study finds that the Kerr parameter increases with $α$ and decreases with $β$; estimate the typical the magnitude of $a_*$ can reach $10^{-3}$, which is significantly higher than that of primordial black holes formed in the radiation-dominated era under peak theory, but still lower than that in a matter-dominated era.