Vector Magnetometry with Broadband Microwave Fields in Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Abstract

We present a novel method for full vector magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. In contrast to conventional optically detected magnetic resonance techniques, our method employs two distinct broadband microwave pulses and measures them after transmission through the NV sensor medium, thus capturing the line splitting of the ground state triplet due to the Zeeman effect. Two orthogonally polarized microwave pulses allow resolving all magnetic field components independently by reading out differently oriented NV centers. Simulated data is analyzed using deep neural networks, whose efficacy we expect to translate very well to experiments. Our method yields sensitivities between $5~\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ and $100~\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ across different magnetic field vector components, while achieving approximately $\mathrm{nT}$ accuracy at a signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of $70~\mathrm{dB}$. By being capable of accurately measuring magnetic fields down to $25~\mathrm{μT}$, the need for a bias field beyond Earth's magnetic field is eliminated.