Exact Solutions for Spin Conserving Models and the Wigner-Araki-Yanase Theorem

Abstract

The Wigner-Araki-Yanase (WAY) theorem is a well-known theorem regarding limitations of quantum measurement in the presence of additive conservation laws. Under the assumptions of the von Neumann measurement model, for which the system conserved quantity $L_{S}$ is bounded, given a conserved total additive system plus apparatus quantity $L_{SA}$, the measurement operator $E_{S}$ must commute with $L_{S}$. Prior proofs have exploited the properties of unitary evolution constrained by momentum conserving operations that tend to obscure the physical nature of the WAY theorem and as well lead to bounds on performance. As it is generally agreed that momentum is always exactly conserved in measurement, we instead develop a general angular momentum conserving model of measurement. This model is shown to lead to a simple explanation of the major implications of the WAY theorem and provides exact results of the effects of measurement based on the apparatus model. This is shown by both tracing the apparatus from the density matrix and also via a system-only channel model based on Kraus operators.