Run and tumble dynamics of a soft robotic cell

Abstract

The continuous regulation of transport properties through softness remains a longstanding challenge in active matter. Here, we show that encasing a programmable active particle within a deformable membrane naturally gives rise to intermittent stop-and-go dynamics, with ballistic motion at short times crossing over to diffusion at long times. Crucially, membrane softness acts as a single control parameter that continuously tunes persistence, intermittency, and long-time transport, linking the internal driving to the emergent locomotion of the synthetic cell. Combining experiments, simulations, and a run-and-tumble theoretical framework, we identify the minimal physical ingredients underlying this behavior and establish design principles for programmable soft active transport, opening new avenues at the interface of active matter physics and synthetic robotics.