Lyman-$α$ forest constraints on pure and mixed fuzzy dark matter

Abstract

Fuzzy dark matter (FDM), often realized as an ultralight scalar field, can suppress the growth of small-scale structures and could be strictly tested with Lyman-$α$ forest measurements. In this work, we constrain both pure and mixed FDM models (PFDM and MFDM) using measurements of the one-dimensional (1D) Lyman-$α$ forest flux power spectrum at $z=5.0$, 4.6, and 4.2. We perform cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with modified initial conditions and construct a two-stage neural network emulator for accurate analysis. The first stage predicts the cold dark matter (CDM) 1D flux power spectrum, while the second stage predicts the MFDM effect relative to the CDM baseline. This construction improves the sensitivity to weak FDM effects, enforces the correct CDM limit, and enables robust interpolation across a broad range of FDM masses and fractions. After marginalizing over the intergalactic medium parameters, we obtain the FDM mass $m_{\mathrm{FDM}}>1.9\times10^{-21}~\mathrm{eV}$ at 95\% credible level for the PFDM model. For the MFDM model, we find the FDM fraction of dark matter $f_{\mathrm{FDM}}<0.07$, $0.12$, and $0.65$ at 95\% credible level for $\log_{10}(m_{\mathrm{FDM}}/\mathrm{eV})=-23.0$, $-22.0$, and $-21.0$, respectively. When $\log_{10}(m_{\mathrm{FDM}}/\mathrm{eV})\gtrsim -20$, the current data do not provide an effective upper limit on $f_{\mathrm{FDM}}$.