Many holes but no large one: maximizing $k$-holes while forbidding $(k+1)$-holes

Abstract

We study the maximal number $m_{k,\ell,n}$ of empty convex $k$-gons ($k$-holes) determined by an $n$-point set in the plane in general position that contains no empty convex $\ell~$-gon, focusing on the first nontrivial case $\ell=k+1$. Our main result determines the exact value in the small-excess regime: for $n=k+a$ with $a\le k/2-1$, we prove $m_{k,k+1,k+a}=2^a.$ We also describe the extremal configurations attaining equality. Beyond this exact range, we provide upper and lower bounds in the proportional regime $n=αk$ and in the regime where $k$ is fixed and $n$ goes to infinity. In the last mentioned regime we prove that $m_{k,k+1,n}=Ω_k(n^{\lfloor\frac{k}{3}\rfloor})$ and $m_{k,k+1,n}=O_k(n^{\lceil\frac{k}{2}\rceil+1}).$