Meson-Nucleus Bound States with Neural-Network Quantum States

Abstract

We present the first systematic calculations of $ϕ$-, $η_c$-, and $J/ψ$-nucleus ground states up to mass number $A{=}12$ based on the HAL QCD meson-nucleon potentials at near-physical point. The $(A{+}1)$-body Schrödinger equation is solved with a neural-network variational Monte Carlo framework, generalized to incorporate mesonic degrees of freedom. Benchmarking on light nuclei from $^2$H to $^{12}$C yields ground-state energies consistent with experiment. Meson-nucleus bound states emerge at $A\ge2$ for $ϕ$, $A\ge4$ for $J/ψ$, and $A\ge6$ for $η_c$. The $ϕ$-nucleus systems exhibit the strongest binding, with binding energies reaching tens of MeV. The $J/ψ$-nucleus and $η_c$-nucleus systems are weakly bound at the few-MeV and sub-MeV scale, respectively. The binding energy per nucleon deepens nearly linearly with $A$ for charmonium systems, whereas the $ϕ$-nucleus system exhibits a non-monotonic behavior peaking at $^4$He -- a distinctive hallmark of the short-range and strongly attractive $ϕN$ interaction. The meson compresses the nucleon distribution relative to the parent nucleus, and evolves from a halo configuration to one embedded inside the nucleus with increasing $A$. Our results provide predictions for future experimental searches, and establish a quantitative bridge between lattice QCD meson-nucleon interactions and the emergent many-body phenomena in meson-nucleus bound states.