Invariance principles for additive functionals of voter models

Abstract

In this paper, we prove an invariance principle for the additive functionals of a family of voter models, which include the nearest-neighbor cases on $d$-dimensional lattices for $d$ at least $5$ or on regular trees with degree at least $3$ and some long-range cases on lattices as special examples. The proof of our main result extends a martingale decomposition method, where the Kolmogorov backward equation and the duality relationship between the voter model and the coalescing random walk play the key roles.