Precise Photon Arrival Time Measurement via Time to Frequency Demultiplexing

Abstract

We demonstrate a nonlinear-optics approach to precise measurement of photon arrival time, by translating the temporal information of single photons to a wavelength distribution of frequency conversion followed by de-multiplexed detection. It uses a multi-color, pulse-delayed pump laser to drive multiplexed frequency conversion, transducing photons to various frequency channels according to their arrival time. By photon detection in each channel, the measurement resolution and accuracy can reach picosecond level, much lower than the detectors' naive resolution and significantly beating the shot-noise limited direct detection. Distinct to any method relying on repeated, multiple sampling, our approach supports event-ready operations, capable of detecting randomly arriving single photons with no dead window. It is thus particularly suitable for practical applications of ranging, sensing, and communications in the dynamic, photon-starving environment.