A generalized long-wave limit method with spectral perturbations

Abstract

A generalized long-wave limit method that introduces spectral perturbations into the long-wave limit framework is proposed for constructing higher-order lump solutions. Within a unified small-parameter framework, the method simultaneously accounts for the degeneracy of spectral parameters, different vanishing rates of wave numbers, and higher-order modulations of the phase parameters. By tuning the phase parameters to push the leading term of the auxiliary function expansion to a prescribed order, the resulting solutions support a controllable number of lump waves and exhibit rich anomalous scattering behavior. Applied to the Kadomtsev--Petviashvili-I equation, second- and third-order lump solutions are systematically derived, and the degeneration of lump chains into higher-order lumps is transparently revealed in the long-wave limit. The method can generate degenerate solutions with up to \(M(M+1)/2\) lumps from an \(M\)-lump chain. Moreover, compared with the previously proposed improved long-wave limit method, the present approach is capable of producing higher-order lump solutions whose long-time asymptotic behavior is independent of the Yablonskii--Vorob'ev polynomials. Its extension to hybrid higher-order lump solutions with distinct spectral parameters is also discussed.